The Meaning of Monkey Talk

Krak! Hok! Boom! These might sound (39) ________ random noises to us, but to a species of monkey living in Ivory Coast, they (40) ________ a very specific meaning. During (41) ________ study of the Campbell’s monkeys in the Tai National Park, naturalists (42) ________ that when the monkeys spotted a leopard on the prowl, they would cry “Krak!” to (43) ________ other members of their group of the danger. A hok, by (44) ________, alerted other monkeys that a crowned eagle was circling overhead. Boom seemed only to indicate that a branch had broken (45) ________ a nearby tree. What particularly intrigued the researchers, however, was the fact that the creatures weren’t just (46) ________ certain sounds to certain events, but seemed to have developed a kind of syntax. Sometimes, for instance, a monkey would add an oo sound to one of the abovementioned noises, to suggest a(an) (47) ________ but more general threat: so krak-oo would mean that there was danger, but not (48) ________ from a leopard. “The language of the Campbell’s monkeys may be “the most complex example of ‘proto-syntax’ in animal communication known to date”, the researchers told.

Read the text below. For questions (39–48) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Meaning of Monkey Talk

Krak! Hok! Boom! These might sound (39) ________ random noises to us, but to a species of monkey living in Ivory Coast, they (40) ________ a very specific meaning. During (41) ________ study of the Campbell’s monkeys in the Tai National Park, naturalists (42) ________ that when the monkeys spotted a leopard on the prowl, they would cry “Krak!” to (43) ________ other members of their group of the danger. A hok, by (44) ________, alerted other monkeys that a crowned eagle was circling overhead. Boom seemed only to indicate that a branch had broken (45) ________ a nearby tree. What particularly intrigued the researchers, however, was the fact that the creatures weren’t just (46) ________ certain sounds to certain events, but seemed to have developed a kind of syntax. Sometimes, for instance, a monkey would add an oo sound to one of the abovementioned noises, to suggest a(an) (47) ________ but more general threat: so krak-oo would mean that there was danger, but not (48) ________ from a leopard. “The language of the Campbell’s monkeys may be “the most complex example of ‘proto-syntax’ in animal communication known to date”, the researchers told.

Read the text below. For questions (39–48) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Meaning of Monkey Talk

Krak! Hok! Boom! These might sound (39) ________ random noises to us, but to a species of monkey living in Ivory Coast, they (40) ________ a very specific meaning. During (41) ________ study of the Campbell’s monkeys in the Tai National Park, naturalists (42) ________ that when the monkeys spotted a leopard on the prowl, they would cry “Krak!” to (43) ________ other members of their group of the danger. A hok, by (44) ________, alerted other monkeys that a crowned eagle was circling overhead. Boom seemed only to indicate that a branch had broken (45) ________ a nearby tree. What particularly intrigued the researchers, however, was the fact that the creatures weren’t just (46) ________ certain sounds to certain events, but seemed to have developed a kind of syntax. Sometimes, for instance, a monkey would add an oo sound to one of the abovementioned noises, to suggest a(an) (47) ________ but more general threat: so krak-oo would mean that there was danger, but not (48) ________ from a leopard. “The language of the Campbell’s monkeys may be “the most complex example of ‘proto-syntax’ in animal communication known to date”, the researchers told.

Read the text below. For questions (39–48) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Meaning of Monkey Talk

Krak! Hok! Boom! These might sound (39) ________ random noises to us, but to a species of monkey living in Ivory Coast, they (40) ________ a very specific meaning. During (41) ________ study of the Campbell’s monkeys in the Tai National Park, naturalists (42) ________ that when the monkeys spotted a leopard on the prowl, they would cry “Krak!” to (43) ________ other members of their group of the danger. A hok, by (44) ________, alerted other monkeys that a crowned eagle was circling overhead. Boom seemed only to indicate that a branch had broken (45) ________ a nearby tree. What particularly intrigued the researchers, however, was the fact that the creatures weren’t just (46) ________ certain sounds to certain events, but seemed to have developed a kind of syntax. Sometimes, for instance, a monkey would add an oo sound to one of the abovementioned noises, to suggest a(an) (47) ________ but more general threat: so krak-oo would mean that there was danger, but not (48) ________ from a leopard. “The language of the Campbell’s monkeys may be “the most complex example of ‘proto-syntax’ in animal communication known to date”, the researchers told.

Read the text below. For questions (39–48) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Meaning of Monkey Talk

Krak! Hok! Boom! These might sound (39) ________ random noises to us, but to a species of monkey living in Ivory Coast, they (40) ________ a very specific meaning. During (41) ________ study of the Campbell’s monkeys in the Tai National Park, naturalists (42) ________ that when the monkeys spotted a leopard on the prowl, they would cry “Krak!” to (43) ________ other members of their group of the danger. A hok, by (44) ________, alerted other monkeys that a crowned eagle was circling overhead. Boom seemed only to indicate that a branch had broken (45) ________ a nearby tree. What particularly intrigued the researchers, however, was the fact that the creatures weren’t just (46) ________ certain sounds to certain events, but seemed to have developed a kind of syntax. Sometimes, for instance, a monkey would add an oo sound to one of the abovementioned noises, to suggest a(an) (47) ________ but more general threat: so krak-oo would mean that there was danger, but not (48) ________ from a leopard. “The language of the Campbell’s monkeys may be “the most complex example of ‘proto-syntax’ in animal communication known to date”, the researchers told.

Read the text below. For questions (39–48) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Meaning of Monkey Talk

Krak! Hok! Boom! These might sound (39) ________ random noises to us, but to a species of monkey living in Ivory Coast, they (40) ________ a very specific meaning. During (41) ________ study of the Campbell’s monkeys in the Tai National Park, naturalists (42) ________ that when the monkeys spotted a leopard on the prowl, they would cry “Krak!” to (43) ________ other members of their group of the danger. A hok, by (44) ________, alerted other monkeys that a crowned eagle was circling overhead. Boom seemed only to indicate that a branch had broken (45) ________ a nearby tree. What particularly intrigued the researchers, however, was the fact that the creatures weren’t just (46) ________ certain sounds to certain events, but seemed to have developed a kind of syntax. Sometimes, for instance, a monkey would add an oo sound to one of the abovementioned noises, to suggest a(an) (47) ________ but more general threat: so krak-oo would mean that there was danger, but not (48) ________ from a leopard. “The language of the Campbell’s monkeys may be “the most complex example of ‘proto-syntax’ in animal communication known to date”, the researchers told.

Read the text below. For questions (39–48) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Meaning of Monkey Talk

Krak! Hok! Boom! These might sound (39) ________ random noises to us, but to a species of monkey living in Ivory Coast, they (40) ________ a very specific meaning. During (41) ________ study of the Campbell’s monkeys in the Tai National Park, naturalists (42) ________ that when the monkeys spotted a leopard on the prowl, they would cry “Krak!” to (43) ________ other members of their group of the danger. A hok, by (44) ________, alerted other monkeys that a crowned eagle was circling overhead. Boom seemed only to indicate that a branch had broken (45) ________ a nearby tree. What particularly intrigued the researchers, however, was the fact that the creatures weren’t just (46) ________ certain sounds to certain events, but seemed to have developed a kind of syntax. Sometimes, for instance, a monkey would add an oo sound to one of the abovementioned noises, to suggest a(an) (47) ________ but more general threat: so krak-oo would mean that there was danger, but not (48) ________ from a leopard. “The language of the Campbell’s monkeys may be “the most complex example of ‘proto-syntax’ in animal communication known to date”, the researchers told.

Read the text below. For questions (39–48) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Meaning of Monkey Talk

Krak! Hok! Boom! These might sound (39) ________ random noises to us, but to a species of monkey living in Ivory Coast, they (40) ________ a very specific meaning. During (41) ________ study of the Campbell’s monkeys in the Tai National Park, naturalists (42) ________ that when the monkeys spotted a leopard on the prowl, they would cry “Krak!” to (43) ________ other members of their group of the danger. A hok, by (44) ________, alerted other monkeys that a crowned eagle was circling overhead. Boom seemed only to indicate that a branch had broken (45) ________ a nearby tree. What particularly intrigued the researchers, however, was the fact that the creatures weren’t just (46) ________ certain sounds to certain events, but seemed to have developed a kind of syntax. Sometimes, for instance, a monkey would add an oo sound to one of the abovementioned noises, to suggest a(an) (47) ________ but more general threat: so krak-oo would mean that there was danger, but not (48) ________ from a leopard. “The language of the Campbell’s monkeys may be “the most complex example of ‘proto-syntax’ in animal communication known to date”, the researchers told.

Read the text below. For questions (39–48) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Meaning of Monkey Talk

Krak! Hok! Boom! These might sound (39) ________ random noises to us, but to a species of monkey living in Ivory Coast, they (40) ________ a very specific meaning. During (41) ________ study of the Campbell’s monkeys in the Tai National Park, naturalists (42) ________ that when the monkeys spotted a leopard on the prowl, they would cry “Krak!” to (43) ________ other members of their group of the danger. A hok, by (44) ________, alerted other monkeys that a crowned eagle was circling overhead. Boom seemed only to indicate that a branch had broken (45) ________ a nearby tree. What particularly intrigued the researchers, however, was the fact that the creatures weren’t just (46) ________ certain sounds to certain events, but seemed to have developed a kind of syntax. Sometimes, for instance, a monkey would add an oo sound to one of the abovementioned noises, to suggest a(an) (47) ________ but more general threat: so krak-oo would mean that there was danger, but not (48) ________ from a leopard. “The language of the Campbell’s monkeys may be “the most complex example of ‘proto-syntax’ in animal communication known to date”, the researchers told.

Read the texts below. For questions (49–58) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or
D). Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Swiftly Evolving Blackcap

Evolution doesn’t have to take centuries. In the case of the Blackcap songbird, (49) ________ decades were enough. The birds breed in the forests of southern Germany, and traditionally fly to Spain for the winter. Most still make the journey south, but since the 1960s, 10% (50) ________ to wintering in England, where the colder climate is more than (51) ________ by the food left out on bird tables – a postwar phenomenon. These birds have rounder wings than their Spanish cousins (which provide better mobility but are (52) ________ suited to long-distance flight) and longer, narrower beaks, better suited to bread and nuts than to olives. Researchers speculate that if the birds (53) ________ to evolve in this way, they could eventually become a distinct species.

Read the texts below. For questions (49–58) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or
D). Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Swiftly Evolving Blackcap

Evolution doesn’t have to take centuries. In the case of the Blackcap songbird, (49) ________ decades were enough. The birds breed in the forests of southern Germany, and traditionally fly to Spain for the winter. Most still make the journey south, but since the 1960s, 10% (50) ________ to wintering in England, where the colder climate is more than (51) ________ by the food left out on bird tables – a postwar phenomenon. These birds have rounder wings than their Spanish cousins (which provide better mobility but are (52) ________ suited to long-distance flight) and longer, narrower beaks, better suited to bread and nuts than to olives. Researchers speculate that if the birds (53) ________ to evolve in this way, they could eventually become a distinct species.

Read the texts below. For questions (49–58) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or
D). Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Swiftly Evolving Blackcap

Evolution doesn’t have to take centuries. In the case of the Blackcap songbird, (49) ________ decades were enough. The birds breed in the forests of southern Germany, and traditionally fly to Spain for the winter. Most still make the journey south, but since the 1960s, 10% (50) ________ to wintering in England, where the colder climate is more than (51) ________ by the food left out on bird tables – a postwar phenomenon. These birds have rounder wings than their Spanish cousins (which provide better mobility but are (52) ________ suited to long-distance flight) and longer, narrower beaks, better suited to bread and nuts than to olives. Researchers speculate that if the birds (53) ________ to evolve in this way, they could eventually become a distinct species.

Read the texts below. For questions (49–58) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or
D). Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Swiftly Evolving Blackcap

Evolution doesn’t have to take centuries. In the case of the Blackcap songbird, (49) ________ decades were enough. The birds breed in the forests of southern Germany, and traditionally fly to Spain for the winter. Most still make the journey south, but since the 1960s, 10% (50) ________ to wintering in England, where the colder climate is more than (51) ________ by the food left out on bird tables – a postwar phenomenon. These birds have rounder wings than their Spanish cousins (which provide better mobility but are (52) ________ suited to long-distance flight) and longer, narrower beaks, better suited to bread and nuts than to olives. Researchers speculate that if the birds (53) ________ to evolve in this way, they could eventually become a distinct species.

Read the texts below. For questions (49–58) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or
D). Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

The Swiftly Evolving Blackcap

Evolution doesn’t have to take centuries. In the case of the Blackcap songbird, (49) ________ decades were enough. The birds breed in the forests of southern Germany, and traditionally fly to Spain for the winter. Most still make the journey south, but since the 1960s, 10% (50) ________ to wintering in England, where the colder climate is more than (51) ________ by the food left out on bird tables – a postwar phenomenon. These birds have rounder wings than their Spanish cousins (which provide better mobility but are (52) ________ suited to long-distance flight) and longer, narrower beaks, better suited to bread and nuts than to olives. Researchers speculate that if the birds (53) ________ to evolve in this way, they could eventually become a distinct species.