Національний мультитест з англійської мови – Варіант 8

This advertisement is for people who want to ____________.

This advertisement is for people who want to ____________.

This advertisement is for people who want to ____________.

This advertisement is for people who want to ____________.

Task 2

You have probably heard of the Mozart effect. It’s the idea that if children or even babies listen to music composed by Mozart, they will become more intelligent. A quick internet search reveals plenty of products to assist you in the task. Whatever your age, there are recordings and books to help you to enjoy the power of Mozart’s music, but when it comes to scientific evidence that it can make you cleverer, the picture is more mixed.

The phrase “the Mozart effect” was first used in 1991, but it is a study described two years later in the journal Nature that sparked real media and public interest about the idea that listening to classical music somehow improves the brain. It is one of those ideas that seems likely to be true. Mozart was undoubtedly a genius himself; his music is complex and there is a hope that if we listen to enough of it, a little of that intelligence might rub off on us.

The idea took off, with thousands of parents playing Mozart to their children, and in 1998 Zell Miller, the Governor of the state of Georgia in the US, even asked for money to be set aside in the state budget so that every newborn baby could be sent a CD of classical music. In fact, it’s not just babies and children who were deliberately exposed to Mozart’s melodies. When Sergio Della Sala, the psychologist and author of the book Mind Myths, visited a mozzarella farm in Italy, the farmer proudly explained that the buffalos were played Mozart three times a day to help them to produce tastier milk.

What about the evidence that listening to Mozart makes people more intelligent? When you look back at the original paper, the first surprise is that the authors from the University of California didn’t even use the “Mozart effect” phrase in the paper. The second surprise is that it wasn’t conducted on children at all: it was conducted on 36 young adult students, who, in fact, scored significantly higher on the tests after listening to Mozart’s Sonata. But unfortunately, this effect lasted just for about fifteen minutes.

In 2006, a large study was conducted in Britain involving eight thousand children. They listened either to Mozart, or to one of the pop songs: Blur’s Country House, Return of the Mack by Mark Morrison and PJ or Duncan’s Stepping Stone. Once again, music improved the ability to perform tasks better, but this time it wasn’t a Mozart effect but a Blur effect. The children who listened to Mozart did well, but with pop music they did even better. Then it began to emerge that perhaps Mozart wasn’t so special after all. One study found that listening to Schubert was just as good, and so was hearing a passage read aloud from a Stephen King novel, but only if you enjoyed it.

So, what can we take away from this? Even if music doesn’t scientifically make people smarter, it teaches us about life, and we can't put an IQ number on that knowledge.

What does the author say about the scientific basis for the “Mozart effect”?

You have probably heard of the Mozart effect. It’s the idea that if children or even babies listen to music composed by Mozart, they will become more intelligent. A quick internet search reveals plenty of products to assist you in the task. Whatever your age, there are recordings and books to help you to enjoy the power of Mozart’s music, but when it comes to scientific evidence that it can make you cleverer, the picture is more mixed.

The phrase “the Mozart effect” was first used in 1991, but it is a study described two years later in the journal Nature that sparked real media and public interest about the idea that listening to classical music somehow improves the brain. It is one of those ideas that seems likely to be true. Mozart was undoubtedly a genius himself; his music is complex and there is a hope that if we listen to enough of it, a little of that intelligence might rub off on us.

The idea took off, with thousands of parents playing Mozart to their children, and in 1998 Zell Miller, the Governor of the state of Georgia in the US, even asked for money to be set aside in the state budget so that every newborn baby could be sent a CD of classical music. In fact, it’s not just babies and children who were deliberately exposed to Mozart’s melodies. When Sergio Della Sala, the psychologist and author of the book Mind Myths, visited a mozzarella farm in Italy, the farmer proudly explained that the buffalos were played Mozart three times a day to help them to produce tastier milk.

What about the evidence that listening to Mozart makes people more intelligent? When you look back at the original paper, the first surprise is that the authors from the University of California didn’t even use the “Mozart effect” phrase in the paper. The second surprise is that it wasn’t conducted on children at all: it was conducted on 36 young adult students, who, in fact, scored significantly higher on the tests after listening to Mozart’s Sonata. But unfortunately, this effect lasted just for about fifteen minutes.

In 2006, a large study was conducted in Britain involving eight thousand children. They listened either to Mozart, or to one of the pop songs: Blur’s Country House, Return of the Mack by Mark Morrison and PJ or Duncan’s Stepping Stone. Once again, music improved the ability to perform tasks better, but this time it wasn’t a Mozart effect but a Blur effect. The children who listened to Mozart did well, but with pop music they did even better. Then it began to emerge that perhaps Mozart wasn’t so special after all. One study found that listening to Schubert was just as good, and so was hearing a passage read aloud from a Stephen King novel, but only if you enjoyed it.

So, what can we take away from this? Even if music doesn’t scientifically make people smarter, it teaches us about life, and we can't put an IQ number on that knowledge.

What does the Mozart effect refer to?

You have probably heard of the Mozart effect. It’s the idea that if children or even babies listen to music composed by Mozart, they will become more intelligent. A quick internet search reveals plenty of products to assist you in the task. Whatever your age, there are recordings and books to help you to enjoy the power of Mozart’s music, but when it comes to scientific evidence that it can make you cleverer, the picture is more mixed.

The phrase “the Mozart effect” was first used in 1991, but it is a study described two years later in the journal Nature that sparked real media and public interest about the idea that listening to classical music somehow improves the brain. It is one of those ideas that seems likely to be true. Mozart was undoubtedly a genius himself; his music is complex and there is a hope that if we listen to enough of it, a little of that intelligence might rub off on us.

The idea took off, with thousands of parents playing Mozart to their children, and in 1998 Zell Miller, the Governor of the state of Georgia in the US, even asked for money to be set aside in the state budget so that every newborn baby could be sent a CD of classical music. In fact, it’s not just babies and children who were deliberately exposed to Mozart’s melodies. When Sergio Della Sala, the psychologist and author of the book Mind Myths, visited a mozzarella farm in Italy, the farmer proudly explained that the buffalos were played Mozart three times a day to help them to produce tastier milk.

What about the evidence that listening to Mozart makes people more intelligent? When you look back at the original paper, the first surprise is that the authors from the University of California didn’t even use the “Mozart effect” phrase in the paper. The second surprise is that it wasn’t conducted on children at all: it was conducted on 36 young adult students, who, in fact, scored significantly higher on the tests after listening to Mozart’s Sonata. But unfortunately, this effect lasted just for about fifteen minutes.

In 2006, a large study was conducted in Britain involving eight thousand children. They listened either to Mozart, or to one of the pop songs: Blur’s Country House, Return of the Mack by Mark Morrison and PJ or Duncan’s Stepping Stone. Once again, music improved the ability to perform tasks better, but this time it wasn’t a Mozart effect but a Blur effect. The children who listened to Mozart did well, but with pop music they did even better. Then it began to emerge that perhaps Mozart wasn’t so special after all. One study found that listening to Schubert was just as good, and so was hearing a passage read aloud from a Stephen King novel, but only if you enjoyed it.

So, what can we take away from this? Even if music doesn’t scientifically make people smarter, it teaches us about life, and we can't put an IQ number on that knowledge.

Which statement is true, according to paragraph 3?

You have probably heard of the Mozart effect. It’s the idea that if children or even babies listen to music composed by Mozart, they will become more intelligent. A quick internet search reveals plenty of products to assist you in the task. Whatever your age, there are recordings and books to help you to enjoy the power of Mozart’s music, but when it comes to scientific evidence that it can make you cleverer, the picture is more mixed.

The phrase “the Mozart effect” was first used in 1991, but it is a study described two years later in the journal Nature that sparked real media and public interest about the idea that listening to classical music somehow improves the brain. It is one of those ideas that seems likely to be true. Mozart was undoubtedly a genius himself; his music is complex and there is a hope that if we listen to enough of it, a little of that intelligence might rub off on us.

The idea took off, with thousands of parents playing Mozart to their children, and in 1998 Zell Miller, the Governor of the state of Georgia in the US, even asked for money to be set aside in the state budget so that every newborn baby could be sent a CD of classical music. In fact, it’s not just babies and children who were deliberately exposed to Mozart’s melodies. When Sergio Della Sala, the psychologist and author of the book Mind Myths, visited a mozzarella farm in Italy, the farmer proudly explained that the buffalos were played Mozart three times a day to help them to produce tastier milk.

What about the evidence that listening to Mozart makes people more intelligent? When you look back at the original paper, the first surprise is that the authors from the University of California didn’t even use the “Mozart effect” phrase in the paper. The second surprise is that it wasn’t conducted on children at all: it was conducted on 36 young adult students, who, in fact, scored significantly higher on the tests after listening to Mozart’s Sonata. But unfortunately, this effect lasted just for about fifteen minutes.

In 2006, a large study was conducted in Britain involving eight thousand children. They listened either to Mozart, or to one of the pop songs: Blur’s Country House, Return of the Mack by Mark Morrison and PJ or Duncan’s Stepping Stone. Once again, music improved the ability to perform tasks better, but this time it wasn’t a Mozart effect but a Blur effect. The children who listened to Mozart did well, but with pop music they did even better. Then it began to emerge that perhaps Mozart wasn’t so special after all. One study found that listening to Schubert was just as good, and so was hearing a passage read aloud from a Stephen King novel, but only if you enjoyed it.

So, what can we take away from this? Even if music doesn’t scientifically make people smarter, it teaches us about life, and we can't put an IQ number on that knowledge.

What information did the original article provide?

You have probably heard of the Mozart effect. It’s the idea that if children or even babies listen to music composed by Mozart, they will become more intelligent. A quick internet search reveals plenty of products to assist you in the task. Whatever your age, there are recordings and books to help you to enjoy the power of Mozart’s music, but when it comes to scientific evidence that it can make you cleverer, the picture is more mixed.

The phrase “the Mozart effect” was first used in 1991, but it is a study described two years later in the journal Nature that sparked real media and public interest about the idea that listening to classical music somehow improves the brain. It is one of those ideas that seems likely to be true. Mozart was undoubtedly a genius himself; his music is complex and there is a hope that if we listen to enough of it, a little of that intelligence might rub off on us.

The idea took off, with thousands of parents playing Mozart to their children, and in 1998 Zell Miller, the Governor of the state of Georgia in the US, even asked for money to be set aside in the state budget so that every newborn baby could be sent a CD of classical music. In fact, it’s not just babies and children who were deliberately exposed to Mozart’s melodies. When Sergio Della Sala, the psychologist and author of the book Mind Myths, visited a mozzarella farm in Italy, the farmer proudly explained that the buffalos were played Mozart three times a day to help them to produce tastier milk.

What about the evidence that listening to Mozart makes people more intelligent? When you look back at the original paper, the first surprise is that the authors from the University of California didn’t even use the “Mozart effect” phrase in the paper. The second surprise is that it wasn’t conducted on children at all: it was conducted on 36 young adult students, who, in fact, scored significantly higher on the tests after listening to Mozart’s Sonata. But unfortunately, this effect lasted just for about fifteen minutes.

In 2006, a large study was conducted in Britain involving eight thousand children. They listened either to Mozart, or to one of the pop songs: Blur’s Country House, Return of the Mack by Mark Morrison and PJ or Duncan’s Stepping Stone. Once again, music improved the ability to perform tasks better, but this time it wasn’t a Mozart effect but a Blur effect. The children who listened to Mozart did well, but with pop music they did even better. Then it began to emerge that perhaps Mozart wasn’t so special after all. One study found that listening to Schubert was just as good, and so was hearing a passage read aloud from a Stephen King novel, but only if you enjoyed it.

So, what can we take away from this? Even if music doesn’t scientifically make people smarter, it teaches us about life, and we can't put an IQ number on that knowledge.

What evidence did the researchers fail to find?

Task 3      

Island Caretaker

If you love nature and don't mind some serious alone time, you may qualify for a career as an island caretaker. Governments and individuals that own islands in the Caribbean, Australia, and the Asia-Pacific region often hire people with carpentry or landscaping experience to help look after things while they're back on the mainland. Island caretaking can include a lot of hard work, but leaves plenty of time to pursue your own interests while living in paradise.

This job ____________.

People Pusher

Tokyo is home to the busiest metro system in the world. To help accommodate the crowds, professional "pushers", called Oshiyas, help squeeze commuters into the trains during rush hour so the doors can close. Oshiyas are responsible for getting as many people on the trains as possible without injuries. They are easily recognisable by their uniforms, featuring white gloves and peaked hats to set themselves apart from the passengers.

This job ____________.

Olive Oil Regulator

Europe takes their olive oil very seriously. So seriously that there's a job in Italy, Spain, Greece, and other high-producing countries for maintaining the standards of taste and smell for different grades of olive oil. These regulators also ensure suppliers provide necessary documentation and labels, and comply with all International Olive Council requirements.

This job ____________.

Dabbawala

Home-cooked lunch is almost always better than a pre-packed salad or sandwich. In India, lunchbox carriers are paid to pick up hot packed lunches from workers' homes, and deliver them to workplaces. Literally translated as "one who carries a box", dabbawalas use balance boards to carry large loads of lunchboxes on their head, and both deliver meals, and return the empty boxes home afterward.

This job ____________.

Bike Fisherman

Amsterdam is one of the most bike-friendly cities in the world, with abundant bike lanes and parking racks. Despite these measures, many of the city’s bicycles end up in the famed canals throughout the city. Waternet, the city’s water management company, employs a team of professional bike dredgers to fish the 12,000-15,000 bikes that wind up in the water every year with hydraulic claws. Whether the bikes were lost, stolen or forgotten about, Waternet bike dredgers take the extracted bikes to the scrap yard to be recycled.

This job ____________.

Pearle Diver

Those that are aquatically inclined may be interested in a job diving for pearls. Working in mollusk farms or in the open ocean, these individuals free-dive into the salty water to harvest oysters for valuable jewels. To be fit for the job, you’ll need a scuba certification, some diving experience and a penchant for adventure. Pearl oysters are ripest in the Caribbean tropics, Australian seas and Japanese lakes.

This job ____________.

Task 4

In July, Jamie Neale left his youth hostel in Sydney to go for a day’s walking. He didn’t tell anyone (17) _________. Jamie was wearing a dark blue, thin jacket and jeans, and was carrying a small rucksack with a basic map, a small bottle of water and two bread rolls. But he didn’t take an emergency beacon, matches, a compass or... his mobile phone.

The Blue Mountains are a famous tourist attraction, and Jamie was enjoying his walk (18) __________. He left the path and started to follow an animal track into the bush. When Jamie tried to get back to the path, he went deeper and deeper into the bush. When it got dark, Jamie knew he was in trouble. Back in town, nobody knew (19) __________ until for days later.

Jamie kept calm and thought about how to survive. He stayed close to a river and he drank lots of water. He ate berries, seeds and nuts. July is winter in Australia, (20) __________. Jamie used bark from trees to make blankets.

After four days, Jamie heard helicopters in the sky. He shouted and waved. But the helicopters did’t see him. Four hundred people joined the search, including Jamie’s dad, (21) __________. Jamie reached his lowest point when he couldn't hear the helicopters any more. He knew they had given up. “I thought I would starve to death,” he said.

On the twelfth day came the incredible news. Two walkers had found Jamie in the bush. Jamie was very tired and hungry, (22) __________. 

After an emotional meeting with his son, Mr. Cass said, “Jamie is the only teenager in the world who goes on a ten-mile hike and leaves his mobile phone behind!”

In July, Jamie Neale left his youth hostel in Sydney to go for a day’s walking. He didn’t tell anyone (17) _________. Jamie was wearing a dark blue, thin jacket and jeans, and was carrying a small rucksack with a basic map, a small bottle of water and two bread rolls. But he didn’t take an emergency beacon, matches, a compass or... his mobile phone.

The Blue Mountains are a famous tourist attraction, and Jamie was enjoying his walk (18) __________. He left the path and started to follow an animal track into the bush. When Jamie tried to get back to the path, he went deeper and deeper into the bush. When it got dark, Jamie knew he was in trouble. Back in town, nobody knew (19) __________ until for days later.

Jamie kept calm and thought about how to survive. He stayed close to a river and he drank lots of water. He ate berries, seeds and nuts. July is winter in Australia, (20) __________. Jamie used bark from trees to make blankets.

After four days, Jamie heard helicopters in the sky. He shouted and waved. But the helicopters did’t see him. Four hundred people joined the search, including Jamie’s dad, (21) __________. Jamie reached his lowest point when he couldn't hear the helicopters any more. He knew they had given up. “I thought I would starve to death,” he said.

On the twelfth day came the incredible news. Two walkers had found Jamie in the bush. Jamie was very tired and hungry, (22) __________. 

After an emotional meeting with his son, Mr. Cass said, “Jamie is the only teenager in the world who goes on a ten-mile hike and leaves his mobile phone behind!”

In July, Jamie Neale left his youth hostel in Sydney to go for a day’s walking. He didn’t tell anyone (17) _________. Jamie was wearing a dark blue, thin jacket and jeans, and was carrying a small rucksack with a basic map, a small bottle of water and two bread rolls. But he didn’t take an emergency beacon, matches, a compass or... his mobile phone.

The Blue Mountains are a famous tourist attraction, and Jamie was enjoying his walk (18) __________. He left the path and started to follow an animal track into the bush. When Jamie tried to get back to the path, he went deeper and deeper into the bush. When it got dark, Jamie knew he was in trouble. Back in town, nobody knew (19) __________ until for days later.

Jamie kept calm and thought about how to survive. He stayed close to a river and he drank lots of water. He ate berries, seeds and nuts. July is winter in Australia, (20) __________. Jamie used bark from trees to make blankets.

After four days, Jamie heard helicopters in the sky. He shouted and waved. But the helicopters did’t see him. Four hundred people joined the search, including Jamie’s dad, (21) __________. Jamie reached his lowest point when he couldn't hear the helicopters any more. He knew they had given up. “I thought I would starve to death,” he said.

On the twelfth day came the incredible news. Two walkers had found Jamie in the bush. Jamie was very tired and hungry, (22) __________. 

After an emotional meeting with his son, Mr. Cass said, “Jamie is the only teenager in the world who goes on a ten-mile hike and leaves his mobile phone behind!”

In July, Jamie Neale left his youth hostel in Sydney to go for a day’s walking. He didn’t tell anyone (17) _________. Jamie was wearing a dark blue, thin jacket and jeans, and was carrying a small rucksack with a basic map, a small bottle of water and two bread rolls. But he didn’t take an emergency beacon, matches, a compass or... his mobile phone.

The Blue Mountains are a famous tourist attraction, and Jamie was enjoying his walk (18) __________. He left the path and started to follow an animal track into the bush. When Jamie tried to get back to the path, he went deeper and deeper into the bush. When it got dark, Jamie knew he was in trouble. Back in town, nobody knew (19) __________ until for days later.

Jamie kept calm and thought about how to survive. He stayed close to a river and he drank lots of water. He ate berries, seeds and nuts. July is winter in Australia, (20) __________. Jamie used bark from trees to make blankets.

After four days, Jamie heard helicopters in the sky. He shouted and waved. But the helicopters did’t see him. Four hundred people joined the search, including Jamie’s dad, (21) __________. Jamie reached his lowest point when he couldn't hear the helicopters any more. He knew they had given up. “I thought I would starve to death,” he said.

On the twelfth day came the incredible news. Two walkers had found Jamie in the bush. Jamie was very tired and hungry, (22) __________. 

After an emotional meeting with his son, Mr. Cass said, “Jamie is the only teenager in the world who goes on a ten-mile hike and leaves his mobile phone behind!”

In July, Jamie Neale left his youth hostel in Sydney to go for a day’s walking. He didn’t tell anyone (17) _________. Jamie was wearing a dark blue, thin jacket and jeans, and was carrying a small rucksack with a basic map, a small bottle of water and two bread rolls. But he didn’t take an emergency beacon, matches, a compass or... his mobile phone.

The Blue Mountains are a famous tourist attraction, and Jamie was enjoying his walk (18) __________. He left the path and started to follow an animal track into the bush. When Jamie tried to get back to the path, he went deeper and deeper into the bush. When it got dark, Jamie knew he was in trouble. Back in town, nobody knew (19) __________ until for days later.

Jamie kept calm and thought about how to survive. He stayed close to a river and he drank lots of water. He ate berries, seeds and nuts. July is winter in Australia, (20) __________. Jamie used bark from trees to make blankets.

After four days, Jamie heard helicopters in the sky. He shouted and waved. But the helicopters did’t see him. Four hundred people joined the search, including Jamie’s dad, (21) __________. Jamie reached his lowest point when he couldn't hear the helicopters any more. He knew they had given up. “I thought I would starve to death,” he said.

On the twelfth day came the incredible news. Two walkers had found Jamie in the bush. Jamie was very tired and hungry, (22) __________. 

After an emotional meeting with his son, Mr. Cass said, “Jamie is the only teenager in the world who goes on a ten-mile hike and leaves his mobile phone behind!”

In July, Jamie Neale left his youth hostel in Sydney to go for a day’s walking. He didn’t tell anyone (17) _________. Jamie was wearing a dark blue, thin jacket and jeans, and was carrying a small rucksack with a basic map, a small bottle of water and two bread rolls. But he didn’t take an emergency beacon, matches, a compass or... his mobile phone.

The Blue Mountains are a famous tourist attraction, and Jamie was enjoying his walk (18) __________. He left the path and started to follow an animal track into the bush. When Jamie tried to get back to the path, he went deeper and deeper into the bush. When it got dark, Jamie knew he was in trouble. Back in town, nobody knew (19) __________ until for days later.

Jamie kept calm and thought about how to survive. He stayed close to a river and he drank lots of water. He ate berries, seeds and nuts. July is winter in Australia, (20) __________. Jamie used bark from trees to make blankets.

After four days, Jamie heard helicopters in the sky. He shouted and waved. But the helicopters did’t see him. Four hundred people joined the search, including Jamie’s dad, (21) __________. Jamie reached his lowest point when he couldn't hear the helicopters any more. He knew they had given up. “I thought I would starve to death,” he said.

On the twelfth day came the incredible news. Two walkers had found Jamie in the bush. Jamie was very tired and hungry, (22) __________. 

After an emotional meeting with his son, Mr. Cass said, “Jamie is the only teenager in the world who goes on a ten-mile hike and leaves his mobile phone behind!”

Task 5

Humans have a code of ethics, and scientists believe that some animals follow the same code. It has recently been (23) __________ that animals that live in groups, such as elephants, foxes, and wolves, are particularly likely to follow rules. If they don’t, and each does its own thing, the group might break (24) __________. Group members would be forced to live alone. Then they’d have a harder time hunting and raising their young.

That’s probably why a traveling wolf (25) __________ stopped and waited to let its limping leader catch up. Similar social (26) __________ may have prompted a captive elephant to save her friend from drowning.

Scientists believe that cooperation between humans and animals is the result of tolerance and social behavior: the better they get along with each other, the more (27) __________ they are to cooperate.

Humans have a code of ethics, and scientists believe that some animals follow the same code. It has recently been (23) __________ that animals that live in groups, such as elephants, foxes, and wolves, are particularly likely to follow rules. If they don’t, and each does its own thing, the group might break (24) __________. Group members would be forced to live alone. Then they’d have a harder time hunting and raising their young.

That’s probably why a traveling wolf (25) __________ stopped and waited to let its limping leader catch up. Similar social (26) __________ may have prompted a captive elephant to save her friend from drowning.

Scientists believe that cooperation between humans and animals is the result of tolerance and social behavior: the better they get along with each other, the more (27) __________ they are to cooperate.

Humans have a code of ethics, and scientists believe that some animals follow the same code. It has recently been (23) __________ that animals that live in groups, such as elephants, foxes, and wolves, are particularly likely to follow rules. If they don’t, and each does its own thing, the group might break (24) __________. Group members would be forced to live alone. Then they’d have a harder time hunting and raising their young.

That’s probably why a traveling wolf (25) __________ stopped and waited to let its limping leader catch up. Similar social (26) __________ may have prompted a captive elephant to save her friend from drowning.

Scientists believe that cooperation between humans and animals is the result of tolerance and social behavior: the better they get along with each other, the more (27) __________ they are to cooperate.

Humans have a code of ethics, and scientists believe that some animals follow the same code. It has recently been (23) __________ that animals that live in groups, such as elephants, foxes, and wolves, are particularly likely to follow rules. If they don’t, and each does its own thing, the group might break (24) __________. Group members would be forced to live alone. Then they’d have a harder time hunting and raising their young.

That’s probably why a traveling wolf (25) __________ stopped and waited to let its limping leader catch up. Similar social (26) __________ may have prompted a captive elephant to save her friend from drowning.

Scientists believe that cooperation between humans and animals is the result of tolerance and social behavior: the better they get along with each other, the more (27) __________ they are to cooperate.

Humans have a code of ethics, and scientists believe that some animals follow the same code. It has recently been (23) __________ that animals that live in groups, such as elephants, foxes, and wolves, are particularly likely to follow rules. If they don’t, and each does its own thing, the group might break (24) __________. Group members would be forced to live alone. Then they’d have a harder time hunting and raising their young.

That’s probably why a traveling wolf (25) __________ stopped and waited to let its limping leader catch up. Similar social (26) __________ may have prompted a captive elephant to save her friend from drowning.

Scientists believe that cooperation between humans and animals is the result of tolerance and social behavior: the better they get along with each other, the more (27) __________ they are to cooperate.

Task 6 

The reality is that robots can come in many different shapes and sizes. They don’t need to look like humans – in fact, most don’t. What a robot looks like (28) __________ on their purpose. Flying robots (29) __________ look like helicopters or have wings like insects or birds. Cleaning robots often look like little vacuums. Robots that (30) __________ to interact with people often have a face, eyes, or a mouth – just like we do! (31) __________ they look like us or not, most robots have three essential ingredients that make (32) __________ a robot: sensors, actuators, and programs.

The reality is that robots can come in many different shapes and sizes. They don’t need to look like humans – in fact, most don’t. What a robot looks like (28) __________ on their purpose. Flying robots (29) __________ look like helicopters or have wings like insects or birds. Cleaning robots often look like little vacuums. Robots that (30) __________ to interact with people often have a face, eyes, or a mouth – just like we do! (31) __________ they look like us or not, most robots have three essential ingredients that make (32) __________ a robot: sensors, actuators, and programs.

The reality is that robots can come in many different shapes and sizes. They don’t need to look like humans – in fact, most don’t. What a robot looks like (28) __________ on their purpose. Flying robots (29) __________ look like helicopters or have wings like insects or birds. Cleaning robots often look like little vacuums. Robots that (30) __________ to interact with people often have a face, eyes, or a mouth – just like we do! (31) __________ they look like us or not, most robots have three essential ingredients that make (32) __________ a robot: sensors, actuators, and programs.

The reality is that robots can come in many different shapes and sizes. They don’t need to look like humans – in fact, most don’t. What a robot looks like (28) __________ on their purpose. Flying robots (29) __________ look like helicopters or have wings like insects or birds. Cleaning robots often look like little vacuums. Robots that (30) __________ to interact with people often have a face, eyes, or a mouth – just like we do! (31) __________ they look like us or not, most robots have three essential ingredients that make (32) __________ a robot: sensors, actuators, and programs.

The reality is that robots can come in many different shapes and sizes. They don’t need to look like humans – in fact, most don’t. What a robot looks like (28) __________ on their purpose. Flying robots (29) __________ look like helicopters or have wings like insects or birds. Cleaning robots often look like little vacuums. Robots that (30) __________ to interact with people often have a face, eyes, or a mouth – just like we do! (31) __________ they look like us or not, most robots have three essential ingredients that make (32) __________ a robot: sensors, actuators, and programs.