Read the texts below. Match choices (A-H) to (11-15). There are three choices you do not need to use.

National Geographic invites you to join a variety of thrilling expeditions. Accompanying each expedition is a diverse team of experts — from naturalists to regional specialists — who will share their knowledge and insights on the wildlife, landscapes, and local culture. See some of the members of our extraordinary team below.

Michael Melford

National Geographic photographer Michael Melford has produced over 30 stories for National Geographic Traveler magazine, including eight covers. Some of Michael’s recent assignments have focused on America’s national parks, and the need to preserve them. Michael has produced photography for eight books for National Geographic, including three on Alaska, his favorite being Treasures of Alaska, for which he spent four months traveling to every corner of the state. When not shooting for National Geographic, Michael enjoys giving seminars and workshops on photography, and sharing both his love of nature and his extensive knowledge.

This team member ______ .

Read the texts below. Match choices (A-H) to (11-15). There are three choices you do not need to use.

National Geographic invites you to join a variety of thrilling expeditions. Accompanying each expedition is a diverse team of experts — from naturalists to regional specialists — who will share their knowledge and insights on the wildlife, landscapes, and local culture. See some of the members of our extraordinary team below.

Tierney Thys

National Geographic Emerging Explorer, Tierney Thys, is a marine biologist and documentary filmmaker whose work explores the breadth of animal diversity from pole to pole and chronicles global environmental change. Tierney is a world authority on the giant ocean sunfish, Mola mola, and has led numerous expeditions worldwide from Africa to Baja, Japan, Indonesia and the Galápagos Islands to study these bizarre jelly-eating behemoths. Tierney has also developed and guided National Geographic student marine biology expeditions in Monterey Bay.

This team member ______ .

Read the texts below. Match choices (A-H) to (11-15). There are three choices you do not need to use.

National Geographic invites you to join a variety of thrilling expeditions. Accompanying each expedition is a diverse team of experts — from naturalists to regional specialists — who will share their knowledge and insights on the wildlife, landscapes, and local culture. See some of the members of our extraordinary team below.

Kurt Westenbarger

Writer and wilderness guide Kurt Westenbarger has led camping and backpacking trips in the Rocky Mountains for more than thirty years. His articles on natural history have appeared in Bicycling, Outdoor Life, Montana Magazine, West Yellowstone News and Big Sky’s Lone Peak Lookout. An instructor at Western Montana College, Kurt is well-versed in the region’s diverse geology, flora, and fauna, as well as the history of the Lewis & Clark expedition and the 1877 Nez Perce flight.

This team member ______ .

Read the text below. Choose from (A–H) the one which best fits each space (16–21).

Introduction to sleep

When you're in a rush to meet work, school, family, or household responsibilities, do you cut back on your sleep? Like many people, you might think that sleep is merely a "down time" when (16) ______ . Think again. What is sleep? Sleep was long considered just a uniform block of time when you are not awake. Thanks to sleep studies done over the past several decades, it is now known that sleep has distinctive stages that cycle throughout the night. Your brain stays active throughout sleep, but (17) ______ . For instance, certain stages of sleep are indeed for us to feel well rested and energetic the next day, and other stages help us learn or make memories. In brief, a number of vital tasks carried out during sleep help maintain good health and enable people to function at their best. On the other hand, not getting enough sleep can be dangerous - for example, (18) ______ if you drive when you are tired. How much sleep is enough? Sleep needs vary from person to person, and (19) ______ . Most adults need 7-8 hours of sleep each night. Newborns, on the other hand, sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day, and children in preschool sleep between 10 and 12 hours a day. School-aged children and teens need at least 9 hours of sleep a night. Some people believe (20) ______ . But there is no evidence to show that older people can get by with less sleep than younger people. As people age, however, they often get less sleep or they tend to spend less time in the deep, restful stages of sleep. Why sleep is good for you and skimping on it isn't? Does it really matter if (21) ______ ? Absolutely! Not only does the quantity of your sleep matter, but the quality of your sleep is important as well.

Like many people, you might think that sleep is merely a "down time" when (16) ______ .

Read the text below. Choose from (A–H) the one which best fits each space (16–21).

Introduction to sleep

When you're in a rush to meet work, school, family, or household responsibilities, do you cut back on your sleep? Like many people, you might think that sleep is merely a "down time" when (16) ______ . Think again. What is sleep? Sleep was long considered just a uniform block of time when you are not awake. Thanks to sleep studies done over the past several decades, it is now known that sleep has distinctive stages that cycle throughout the night. Your brain stays active throughout sleep, but (17) ______ . For instance, certain stages of sleep are indeed for us to feel well rested and energetic the next day, and other stages help us learn or make memories. In brief, a number of vital tasks carried out during sleep help maintain good health and enable people to function at their best. On the other hand, not getting enough sleep can be dangerous - for example, (18) ______ if you drive when you are tired. How much sleep is enough? Sleep needs vary from person to person, and (19) ______ . Most adults need 7-8 hours of sleep each night. Newborns, on the other hand, sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day, and children in preschool sleep between 10 and 12 hours a day. School-aged children and teens need at least 9 hours of sleep a night. Some people believe (20) ______ . But there is no evidence to show that older people can get by with less sleep than younger people. As people age, however, they often get less sleep or they tend to spend less time in the deep, restful stages of sleep. Why sleep is good for you and skimping on it isn't? Does it really matter if (21) ______ ? Absolutely! Not only does the quantity of your sleep matter, but the quality of your sleep is important as well.

Your brain stays active throughout sleep, but (17) ______ .

Read the text below. Choose from (A–H) the one which best fits each space (16–21).

Introduction to sleep

When you're in a rush to meet work, school, family, or household responsibilities, do you cut back on your sleep? Like many people, you might think that sleep is merely a "down time" when (16) ______ . Think again. What is sleep? Sleep was long considered just a uniform block of time when you are not awake. Thanks to sleep studies done over the past several decades, it is now known that sleep has distinctive stages that cycle throughout the night. Your brain stays active throughout sleep, but (17) ______ . For instance, certain stages of sleep are indeed for us to feel well rested and energetic the next day, and other stages help us learn or make memories. In brief, a number of vital tasks carried out during sleep help maintain good health and enable people to function at their best. On the other hand, not getting enough sleep can be dangerous - for example, (18) ______ if you drive when you are tired. How much sleep is enough? Sleep needs vary from person to person, and (19) ______ . Most adults need 7-8 hours of sleep each night. Newborns, on the other hand, sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day, and children in preschool sleep between 10 and 12 hours a day. School-aged children and teens need at least 9 hours of sleep a night. Some people believe (20) ______ . But there is no evidence to show that older people can get by with less sleep than younger people. As people age, however, they often get less sleep or they tend to spend less time in the deep, restful stages of sleep. Why sleep is good for you and skimping on it isn't? Does it really matter if (21) ______ ? Absolutely! Not only does the quantity of your sleep matter, but the quality of your sleep is important as well.

On the other hand, not getting enough sleep can be dangerous - for example, (18) ______ if you drive when you are tired.

Read the text below. Choose from (A–H) the one which best fits each space (16–21).

Introduction to sleep

When you're in a rush to meet work, school, family, or household responsibilities, do you cut back on your sleep? Like many people, you might think that sleep is merely a "down time" when (16) ______ . Think again. What is sleep? Sleep was long considered just a uniform block of time when you are not awake. Thanks to sleep studies done over the past several decades, it is now known that sleep has distinctive stages that cycle throughout the night. Your brain stays active throughout sleep, but (17) ______ . For instance, certain stages of sleep are indeed for us to feel well rested and energetic the next day, and other stages help us learn or make memories. In brief, a number of vital tasks carried out during sleep help maintain good health and enable people to function at their best. On the other hand, not getting enough sleep can be dangerous - for example, (18) ______ if you drive when you are tired. How much sleep is enough? Sleep needs vary from person to person, and (19) ______ . Most adults need 7-8 hours of sleep each night. Newborns, on the other hand, sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day, and children in preschool sleep between 10 and 12 hours a day. School-aged children and teens need at least 9 hours of sleep a night. Some people believe (20) ______ . But there is no evidence to show that older people can get by with less sleep than younger people. As people age, however, they often get less sleep or they tend to spend less time in the deep, restful stages of sleep. Why sleep is good for you and skimping on it isn't? Does it really matter if (21) ______ ? Absolutely! Not only does the quantity of your sleep matter, but the quality of your sleep is important as well.

Sleep needs vary from person to person, and (19) ______ .

Read the text below. Choose from (A–H) the one which best fits each space (16–21).

Introduction to sleep

When you're in a rush to meet work, school, family, or household responsibilities, do you cut back on your sleep? Like many people, you might think that sleep is merely a "down time" when (16) ______ . Think again. What is sleep? Sleep was long considered just a uniform block of time when you are not awake. Thanks to sleep studies done over the past several decades, it is now known that sleep has distinctive stages that cycle throughout the night. Your brain stays active throughout sleep, but (17) ______ . For instance, certain stages of sleep are indeed for us to feel well rested and energetic the next day, and other stages help us learn or make memories. In brief, a number of vital tasks carried out during sleep help maintain good health and enable people to function at their best. On the other hand, not getting enough sleep can be dangerous - for example, (18) ______ if you drive when you are tired. How much sleep is enough? Sleep needs vary from person to person, and (19) ______ . Most adults need 7-8 hours of sleep each night. Newborns, on the other hand, sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day, and children in preschool sleep between 10 and 12 hours a day. School-aged children and teens need at least 9 hours of sleep a night. Some people believe (20) ______ . But there is no evidence to show that older people can get by with less sleep than younger people. As people age, however, they often get less sleep or they tend to spend less time in the deep, restful stages of sleep. Why sleep is good for you and skimping on it isn't? Does it really matter if (21) ______ ? Absolutely! Not only does the quantity of your sleep matter, but the quality of your sleep is important as well.

Some people believe (20) ______ .

Read the text below. Choose from (A–H) the one which best fits each space (16–21).

Introduction to sleep

When you're in a rush to meet work, school, family, or household responsibilities, do you cut back on your sleep? Like many people, you might think that sleep is merely a "down time" when (16) ______ . Think again. What is sleep? Sleep was long considered just a uniform block of time when you are not awake. Thanks to sleep studies done over the past several decades, it is now known that sleep has distinctive stages that cycle throughout the night. Your brain stays active throughout sleep, but (17) ______ . For instance, certain stages of sleep are indeed for us to feel well rested and energetic the next day, and other stages help us learn or make memories. In brief, a number of vital tasks carried out during sleep help maintain good health and enable people to function at their best. On the other hand, not getting enough sleep can be dangerous - for example, (18) ______ if you drive when you are tired. How much sleep is enough? Sleep needs vary from person to person, and (19) ______ . Most adults need 7-8 hours of sleep each night. Newborns, on the other hand, sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day, and children in preschool sleep between 10 and 12 hours a day. School-aged children and teens need at least 9 hours of sleep a night. Some people believe (20) ______ . But there is no evidence to show that older people can get by with less sleep than younger people. As people age, however, they often get less sleep or they tend to spend less time in the deep, restful stages of sleep. Why sleep is good for you and skimping on it isn't? Does it really matter if (21) ______ ? Absolutely! Not only does the quantity of your sleep matter, but the quality of your sleep is important as well.

Does it really matter if (21) ______ .

Read the text below. For questions (22-33) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).

From the History of Moving Pictures

Many believe that the story first began in America in 1877, when two friends were (22) ______ over whether a horse ever had all four feet or hooves off the ground when it galloped. To settle the bet, a photographer was asked to photograph a horse galloping and the bet was settled because you could see that all the hooves were (23) ______ the ground in some of the photos. What was even more interesting was that if the photos were shown in quick succession the horse looked (24) ______ it was running — in other words ‘moving pictures’. The person who became interested in (25) ______ the moving pictures to its next step was the famous American inventor Thomas Edison. Actually, he didn’t do the work (26) ______ but rather asked a young Scotsman in his employ to design a system, which he did. Now this young fellow was clever because the first thing he did was study other systemsprimitive as they were — of moving pictures and then put all the existing technologies together to make the first entire motion picture system. He (27) ______ a camera, a projection device and the film. The system was first shown in New York in 1894 and was really very popular. Apparently people (28) ______ around the block to see the wonderful new invention. There were, however, a couple of problems with the system. The camera weighed over 200 kilograms and only one person at a time could see the film. Well now, news of the new system in America (29) ______ fast and a number of rival European systems started to appear once people had heard about it. The single problem with all the systems was that they couldn’t really (30) ______ the film onto a screen — you know, so more than one person could see it. Then in 1895, three systems were developed, more or less at the same time and independently of each other. I guess the most famous of these was (31) ______ the Lumiere Brothers from France, and they called their system the cinematograph which of course is where the word cinema comes from. Well now, once the problem of projection had been solved, the next (32) ______ for the inventors was to make the films longer and more interesting. A continuing problem at the time was that the films had a (33) ______ to break when they were being played — a problem which was caused by the tension between the two wheels, or ‘reels’ as they are called, which hold the film.

Many believe that the story first began in America in 1877, when two friends were (22) ______ over whether a horse ever had all four feet or hooves off the ground when it galloped.

Read the text below. For questions (22-33) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).

From the History of Moving Pictures

Many believe that the story first began in America in 1877, when two friends were (22) ______ over whether a horse ever had all four feet or hooves off the ground when it galloped. To settle the bet, a photographer was asked to photograph a horse galloping and the bet was settled because you could see that all the hooves were (23) ______ the ground in some of the photos. What was even more interesting was that if the photos were shown in quick succession the horse looked (24) ______ it was running — in other words ‘moving pictures’. The person who became interested in (25) ______ the moving pictures to its next step was the famous American inventor Thomas Edison. Actually, he didn’t do the work (26) ______ but rather asked a young Scotsman in his employ to design a system, which he did. Now this young fellow was clever because the first thing he did was study other systemsprimitive as they were — of moving pictures and then put all the existing technologies together to make the first entire motion picture system. He (27) ______ a camera, a projection device and the film. The system was first shown in New York in 1894 and was really very popular. Apparently people (28) ______ around the block to see the wonderful new invention. There were, however, a couple of problems with the system. The camera weighed over 200 kilograms and only one person at a time could see the film. Well now, news of the new system in America (29) ______ fast and a number of rival European systems started to appear once people had heard about it. The single problem with all the systems was that they couldn’t really (30) ______ the film onto a screen — you know, so more than one person could see it. Then in 1895, three systems were developed, more or less at the same time and independently of each other. I guess the most famous of these was (31) ______ the Lumiere Brothers from France, and they called their system the cinematograph which of course is where the word cinema comes from. Well now, once the problem of projection had been solved, the next (32) ______ for the inventors was to make the films longer and more interesting. A continuing problem at the time was that the films had a (33) ______ to break when they were being played — a problem which was caused by the tension between the two wheels, or ‘reels’ as they are called, which hold the film.

To settle the bet, a photographer was asked to photograph a horse galloping and the bet was settled because you could see that all the hooves were (23) ______ the ground in some of the photos.

Read the text below. For questions (22-33) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).

From the History of Moving Pictures

Many believe that the story first began in America in 1877, when two friends were (22) ______ over whether a horse ever had all four feet or hooves off the ground when it galloped. To settle the bet, a photographer was asked to photograph a horse galloping and the bet was settled because you could see that all the hooves were (23) ______ the ground in some of the photos. What was even more interesting was that if the photos were shown in quick succession the horse looked (24) ______ it was running — in other words ‘moving pictures’. The person who became interested in (25) ______ the moving pictures to its next step was the famous American inventor Thomas Edison. Actually, he didn’t do the work (26) ______ but rather asked a young Scotsman in his employ to design a system, which he did. Now this young fellow was clever because the first thing he did was study other systemsprimitive as they were — of moving pictures and then put all the existing technologies together to make the first entire motion picture system. He (27) ______ a camera, a projection device and the film. The system was first shown in New York in 1894 and was really very popular. Apparently people (28) ______ around the block to see the wonderful new invention. There were, however, a couple of problems with the system. The camera weighed over 200 kilograms and only one person at a time could see the film. Well now, news of the new system in America (29) ______ fast and a number of rival European systems started to appear once people had heard about it. The single problem with all the systems was that they couldn’t really (30) ______ the film onto a screen — you know, so more than one person could see it. Then in 1895, three systems were developed, more or less at the same time and independently of each other. I guess the most famous of these was (31) ______ the Lumiere Brothers from France, and they called their system the cinematograph which of course is where the word cinema comes from. Well now, once the problem of projection had been solved, the next (32) ______ for the inventors was to make the films longer and more interesting. A continuing problem at the time was that the films had a (33) ______ to break when they were being played — a problem which was caused by the tension between the two wheels, or ‘reels’ as they are called, which hold the film.

What was even more interesting was that if the photos were shown in quick succession the horse looked (24) ______ it was running — in other words ‘moving pictures’.

Read the text below. For questions (22-33) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).

From the History of Moving Pictures

Many believe that the story first began in America in 1877, when two friends were (22) ______ over whether a horse ever had all four feet or hooves off the ground when it galloped. To settle the bet, a photographer was asked to photograph a horse galloping and the bet was settled because you could see that all the hooves were (23) ______ the ground in some of the photos. What was even more interesting was that if the photos were shown in quick succession the horse looked (24) ______ it was running — in other words ‘moving pictures’. The person who became interested in (25) ______ the moving pictures to its next step was the famous American inventor Thomas Edison. Actually, he didn’t do the work (26) ______ but rather asked a young Scotsman in his employ to design a system, which he did. Now this young fellow was clever because the first thing he did was study other systemsprimitive as they were — of moving pictures and then put all the existing technologies together to make the first entire motion picture system. He (27) ______ a camera, a projection device and the film. The system was first shown in New York in 1894 and was really very popular. Apparently people (28) ______ around the block to see the wonderful new invention. There were, however, a couple of problems with the system. The camera weighed over 200 kilograms and only one person at a time could see the film. Well now, news of the new system in America (29) ______ fast and a number of rival European systems started to appear once people had heard about it. The single problem with all the systems was that they couldn’t really (30) ______ the film onto a screen — you know, so more than one person could see it. Then in 1895, three systems were developed, more or less at the same time and independently of each other. I guess the most famous of these was (31) ______ the Lumiere Brothers from France, and they called their system the cinematograph which of course is where the word cinema comes from. Well now, once the problem of projection had been solved, the next (32) ______ for the inventors was to make the films longer and more interesting. A continuing problem at the time was that the films had a (33) ______ to break when they were being played — a problem which was caused by the tension between the two wheels, or ‘reels’ as they are called, which hold the film.

The person who became interested in (25) ______ the moving pictures to its next step was the famous American inventor Thomas Edison.

Read the text below. For questions (22-33) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).

From the History of Moving Pictures

Many believe that the story first began in America in 1877, when two friends were (22) ______ over whether a horse ever had all four feet or hooves off the ground when it galloped. To settle the bet, a photographer was asked to photograph a horse galloping and the bet was settled because you could see that all the hooves were (23) ______ the ground in some of the photos. What was even more interesting was that if the photos were shown in quick succession the horse looked (24) ______ it was running — in other words ‘moving pictures’. The person who became interested in (25) ______ the moving pictures to its next step was the famous American inventor Thomas Edison. Actually, he didn’t do the work (26) ______ but rather asked a young Scotsman in his employ to design a system, which he did. Now this young fellow was clever because the first thing he did was study other systemsprimitive as they were — of moving pictures and then put all the existing technologies together to make the first entire motion picture system. He (27) ______ a camera, a projection device and the film. The system was first shown in New York in 1894 and was really very popular. Apparently people (28) ______ around the block to see the wonderful new invention. There were, however, a couple of problems with the system. The camera weighed over 200 kilograms and only one person at a time could see the film. Well now, news of the new system in America (29) ______ fast and a number of rival European systems started to appear once people had heard about it. The single problem with all the systems was that they couldn’t really (30) ______ the film onto a screen — you know, so more than one person could see it. Then in 1895, three systems were developed, more or less at the same time and independently of each other. I guess the most famous of these was (31) ______ the Lumiere Brothers from France, and they called their system the cinematograph which of course is where the word cinema comes from. Well now, once the problem of projection had been solved, the next (32) ______ for the inventors was to make the films longer and more interesting. A continuing problem at the time was that the films had a (33) ______ to break when they were being played — a problem which was caused by the tension between the two wheels, or ‘reels’ as they are called, which hold the film.

Actually, he didn’t do the work (26) ______ but rather asked a young Scotsman in his employ to design a system, which he did.