Martin Scorsese wasn't going to let just anyone (43) ________ a documentary about his life and work. The director, Rebecca Miller (Personal Velocity, Maggie's Plan), was given great access in putting together this series about one of the most important filmmakers of our time. If Scorsese had made only Taxi Driver, Raging Bull, or Goodfellas, that (44) ________ enough to put him in the pantheon of directors, but his career, with moral questions always at the centre of his films, encompasses so much more. This series is unmissable for any film lover.

Task 8

Martin Scorsese wasn't going to let just anyone (43) ________ a documentary about his life and work. The director, Rebecca Miller (Personal Velocity, Maggie's Plan), was given great access in putting together this series about one of the most important filmmakers of our time. If Scorsese had made only Taxi Driver, Raging Bull, or Goodfellas, that (44) ________ enough to put him in the pantheon of directors, but his career, with moral questions always at the centre of his films, encompasses so much more. This series is unmissable for any film lover.

The mystery of why leaves change colour in autumn

Although the chemistry of autumn colours is well understood, there is an ongoing and lively debate among scientists about why trees evolved their vivid autumn colours in the first place.

Driving north through Duchess County, New York, in mid-October, I'm (35) ________ by the resplendent golden yellows and fiery red leaves. The pops of colour break open like fireworks when the sunlight (36) ________ across the leaves. It's a harbinger that colder months lie ahead.

Yet, despite receiving so much attention, we still don't really know why trees (37) ________ this transformation in the first place. Leaves that turn yellow were actually always yellow – the colour comes from a set of biochemical pigments known as carotenoids. These are simply revealed once the green chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down and the nutrients are reabsorbed by the plants as they prepare to (38) ________ for the harsh winter weather.

One leading theory proposes that red leaf colour may have co-evolved alongside pests, acting as a (39) ________ signal to ward off insects.

It would be easy to assume that the pattern of red-leaf (40) ________ perhaps follows simple differences in temperature. But the idea is still contested. “There is no one photoprotection study that shows the answer unambiguously,” says Wilkinson. “Our understanding is instead based on multiple studies tending to suggest the same thing.”

The insect co-evolution theory, by comparison, suggests that trees have evolved to change their leaf colours as a warning to deciduous leaf-eating insects, such as aphids.

Aphids are destructive creatures, and an infestation could do significant harm to a tree, so the idea of it using colour to ward off these insects seems (41) ________. But several academic papers over the years have contested this theory.

A major crack in the argument is how aphids see and respond to colour. Aphids, along with other leaf-eating insects such as locusts and caterpillars, do not possess receptors in their eyes that enable them to perceive the red colour the way humans do. To them, it looks dull, grey, or even black.

Considering all this, Renner does not believe the co-evolution theory (42) ________. Gallinat, however, isn't so sure. “Some of those findings that support that hypothesis, I think, are still pretty reasonable.”

The mystery of why leaves change colour in autumn

Although the chemistry of autumn colours is well understood, there is an ongoing and lively debate among scientists about why trees evolved their vivid autumn colours in the first place.

Driving north through Duchess County, New York, in mid-October, I'm (35) ________ by the resplendent golden yellows and fiery red leaves. The pops of colour break open like fireworks when the sunlight (36) ________ across the leaves. It's a harbinger that colder months lie ahead.

Yet, despite receiving so much attention, we still don't really know why trees (37) ________ this transformation in the first place. Leaves that turn yellow were actually always yellow – the colour comes from a set of biochemical pigments known as carotenoids. These are simply revealed once the green chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down and the nutrients are reabsorbed by the plants as they prepare to (38) ________ for the harsh winter weather.

One leading theory proposes that red leaf colour may have co-evolved alongside pests, acting as a (39) ________ signal to ward off insects.

It would be easy to assume that the pattern of red-leaf (40) ________ perhaps follows simple differences in temperature. But the idea is still contested. “There is no one photoprotection study that shows the answer unambiguously,” says Wilkinson. “Our understanding is instead based on multiple studies tending to suggest the same thing.”

The insect co-evolution theory, by comparison, suggests that trees have evolved to change their leaf colours as a warning to deciduous leaf-eating insects, such as aphids.

Aphids are destructive creatures, and an infestation could do significant harm to a tree, so the idea of it using colour to ward off these insects seems (41) ________. But several academic papers over the years have contested this theory.

A major crack in the argument is how aphids see and respond to colour. Aphids, along with other leaf-eating insects such as locusts and caterpillars, do not possess receptors in their eyes that enable them to perceive the red colour the way humans do. To them, it looks dull, grey, or even black.

Considering all this, Renner does not believe the co-evolution theory (42) ________. Gallinat, however, isn't so sure. “Some of those findings that support that hypothesis, I think, are still pretty reasonable.”

The mystery of why leaves change colour in autumn

Although the chemistry of autumn colours is well understood, there is an ongoing and lively debate among scientists about why trees evolved their vivid autumn colours in the first place.

Driving north through Duchess County, New York, in mid-October, I'm (35) ________ by the resplendent golden yellows and fiery red leaves. The pops of colour break open like fireworks when the sunlight (36) ________ across the leaves. It's a harbinger that colder months lie ahead.

Yet, despite receiving so much attention, we still don't really know why trees (37) ________ this transformation in the first place. Leaves that turn yellow were actually always yellow – the colour comes from a set of biochemical pigments known as carotenoids. These are simply revealed once the green chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down and the nutrients are reabsorbed by the plants as they prepare to (38) ________ for the harsh winter weather.

One leading theory proposes that red leaf colour may have co-evolved alongside pests, acting as a (39) ________ signal to ward off insects.

It would be easy to assume that the pattern of red-leaf (40) ________ perhaps follows simple differences in temperature. But the idea is still contested. “There is no one photoprotection study that shows the answer unambiguously,” says Wilkinson. “Our understanding is instead based on multiple studies tending to suggest the same thing.”

The insect co-evolution theory, by comparison, suggests that trees have evolved to change their leaf colours as a warning to deciduous leaf-eating insects, such as aphids.

Aphids are destructive creatures, and an infestation could do significant harm to a tree, so the idea of it using colour to ward off these insects seems (41) ________. But several academic papers over the years have contested this theory.

A major crack in the argument is how aphids see and respond to colour. Aphids, along with other leaf-eating insects such as locusts and caterpillars, do not possess receptors in their eyes that enable them to perceive the red colour the way humans do. To them, it looks dull, grey, or even black.

Considering all this, Renner does not believe the co-evolution theory (42) ________. Gallinat, however, isn't so sure. “Some of those findings that support that hypothesis, I think, are still pretty reasonable.”

The mystery of why leaves change colour in autumn

Although the chemistry of autumn colours is well understood, there is an ongoing and lively debate among scientists about why trees evolved their vivid autumn colours in the first place.

Driving north through Duchess County, New York, in mid-October, I'm (35) ________ by the resplendent golden yellows and fiery red leaves. The pops of colour break open like fireworks when the sunlight (36) ________ across the leaves. It's a harbinger that colder months lie ahead.

Yet, despite receiving so much attention, we still don't really know why trees (37) ________ this transformation in the first place. Leaves that turn yellow were actually always yellow – the colour comes from a set of biochemical pigments known as carotenoids. These are simply revealed once the green chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down and the nutrients are reabsorbed by the plants as they prepare to (38) ________ for the harsh winter weather.

One leading theory proposes that red leaf colour may have co-evolved alongside pests, acting as a (39) ________ signal to ward off insects.

It would be easy to assume that the pattern of red-leaf (40) ________ perhaps follows simple differences in temperature. But the idea is still contested. “There is no one photoprotection study that shows the answer unambiguously,” says Wilkinson. “Our understanding is instead based on multiple studies tending to suggest the same thing.”

The insect co-evolution theory, by comparison, suggests that trees have evolved to change their leaf colours as a warning to deciduous leaf-eating insects, such as aphids.

Aphids are destructive creatures, and an infestation could do significant harm to a tree, so the idea of it using colour to ward off these insects seems (41) ________. But several academic papers over the years have contested this theory.

A major crack in the argument is how aphids see and respond to colour. Aphids, along with other leaf-eating insects such as locusts and caterpillars, do not possess receptors in their eyes that enable them to perceive the red colour the way humans do. To them, it looks dull, grey, or even black.

Considering all this, Renner does not believe the co-evolution theory (42) ________. Gallinat, however, isn't so sure. “Some of those findings that support that hypothesis, I think, are still pretty reasonable.”

The mystery of why leaves change colour in autumn

Although the chemistry of autumn colours is well understood, there is an ongoing and lively debate among scientists about why trees evolved their vivid autumn colours in the first place.

Driving north through Duchess County, New York, in mid-October, I'm (35) ________ by the resplendent golden yellows and fiery red leaves. The pops of colour break open like fireworks when the sunlight (36) ________ across the leaves. It's a harbinger that colder months lie ahead.

Yet, despite receiving so much attention, we still don't really know why trees (37) ________ this transformation in the first place. Leaves that turn yellow were actually always yellow – the colour comes from a set of biochemical pigments known as carotenoids. These are simply revealed once the green chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down and the nutrients are reabsorbed by the plants as they prepare to (38) ________ for the harsh winter weather.

One leading theory proposes that red leaf colour may have co-evolved alongside pests, acting as a (39) ________ signal to ward off insects.

It would be easy to assume that the pattern of red-leaf (40) ________ perhaps follows simple differences in temperature. But the idea is still contested. “There is no one photoprotection study that shows the answer unambiguously,” says Wilkinson. “Our understanding is instead based on multiple studies tending to suggest the same thing.”

The insect co-evolution theory, by comparison, suggests that trees have evolved to change their leaf colours as a warning to deciduous leaf-eating insects, such as aphids.

Aphids are destructive creatures, and an infestation could do significant harm to a tree, so the idea of it using colour to ward off these insects seems (41) ________. But several academic papers over the years have contested this theory.

A major crack in the argument is how aphids see and respond to colour. Aphids, along with other leaf-eating insects such as locusts and caterpillars, do not possess receptors in their eyes that enable them to perceive the red colour the way humans do. To them, it looks dull, grey, or even black.

Considering all this, Renner does not believe the co-evolution theory (42) ________. Gallinat, however, isn't so sure. “Some of those findings that support that hypothesis, I think, are still pretty reasonable.”

The mystery of why leaves change colour in autumn

Although the chemistry of autumn colours is well understood, there is an ongoing and lively debate among scientists about why trees evolved their vivid autumn colours in the first place.

Driving north through Duchess County, New York, in mid-October, I'm (35) ________ by the resplendent golden yellows and fiery red leaves. The pops of colour break open like fireworks when the sunlight (36) ________ across the leaves. It's a harbinger that colder months lie ahead.

Yet, despite receiving so much attention, we still don't really know why trees (37) ________ this transformation in the first place. Leaves that turn yellow were actually always yellow – the colour comes from a set of biochemical pigments known as carotenoids. These are simply revealed once the green chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down and the nutrients are reabsorbed by the plants as they prepare to (38) ________ for the harsh winter weather.

One leading theory proposes that red leaf colour may have co-evolved alongside pests, acting as a (39) ________ signal to ward off insects.

It would be easy to assume that the pattern of red-leaf (40) ________ perhaps follows simple differences in temperature. But the idea is still contested. “There is no one photoprotection study that shows the answer unambiguously,” says Wilkinson. “Our understanding is instead based on multiple studies tending to suggest the same thing.”

The insect co-evolution theory, by comparison, suggests that trees have evolved to change their leaf colours as a warning to deciduous leaf-eating insects, such as aphids.

Aphids are destructive creatures, and an infestation could do significant harm to a tree, so the idea of it using colour to ward off these insects seems (41) ________. But several academic papers over the years have contested this theory.

A major crack in the argument is how aphids see and respond to colour. Aphids, along with other leaf-eating insects such as locusts and caterpillars, do not possess receptors in their eyes that enable them to perceive the red colour the way humans do. To them, it looks dull, grey, or even black.

Considering all this, Renner does not believe the co-evolution theory (42) ________. Gallinat, however, isn't so sure. “Some of those findings that support that hypothesis, I think, are still pretty reasonable.”

The mystery of why leaves change colour in autumn

Although the chemistry of autumn colours is well understood, there is an ongoing and lively debate among scientists about why trees evolved their vivid autumn colours in the first place.

Driving north through Duchess County, New York, in mid-October, I'm (35) ________ by the resplendent golden yellows and fiery red leaves. The pops of colour break open like fireworks when the sunlight (36) ________ across the leaves. It's a harbinger that colder months lie ahead.

Yet, despite receiving so much attention, we still don't really know why trees (37) ________ this transformation in the first place. Leaves that turn yellow were actually always yellow – the colour comes from a set of biochemical pigments known as carotenoids. These are simply revealed once the green chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down and the nutrients are reabsorbed by the plants as they prepare to (38) ________ for the harsh winter weather.

One leading theory proposes that red leaf colour may have co-evolved alongside pests, acting as a (39) ________ signal to ward off insects.

It would be easy to assume that the pattern of red-leaf (40) ________ perhaps follows simple differences in temperature. But the idea is still contested. “There is no one photoprotection study that shows the answer unambiguously,” says Wilkinson. “Our understanding is instead based on multiple studies tending to suggest the same thing.”

The insect co-evolution theory, by comparison, suggests that trees have evolved to change their leaf colours as a warning to deciduous leaf-eating insects, such as aphids.

Aphids are destructive creatures, and an infestation could do significant harm to a tree, so the idea of it using colour to ward off these insects seems (41) ________. But several academic papers over the years have contested this theory.

A major crack in the argument is how aphids see and respond to colour. Aphids, along with other leaf-eating insects such as locusts and caterpillars, do not possess receptors in their eyes that enable them to perceive the red colour the way humans do. To them, it looks dull, grey, or even black.

Considering all this, Renner does not believe the co-evolution theory (42) ________. Gallinat, however, isn't so sure. “Some of those findings that support that hypothesis, I think, are still pretty reasonable.”

Task 7

The mystery of why leaves change colour in autumn

Although the chemistry of autumn colours is well understood, there is an ongoing and lively debate among scientists about why trees evolved their vivid autumn colours in the first place.

Driving north through Duchess County, New York, in mid-October, I'm (35) ________ by the resplendent golden yellows and fiery red leaves. The pops of colour break open like fireworks when the sunlight (36) ________ across the leaves. It's a harbinger that colder months lie ahead.

Yet, despite receiving so much attention, we still don't really know why trees (37) ________ this transformation in the first place. Leaves that turn yellow were actually always yellow – the colour comes from a set of biochemical pigments known as carotenoids. These are simply revealed once the green chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down and the nutrients are reabsorbed by the plants as they prepare to (38) ________ for the harsh winter weather.

One leading theory proposes that red leaf colour may have co-evolved alongside pests, acting as a (39) ________ signal to ward off insects.

It would be easy to assume that the pattern of red-leaf (40) ________ perhaps follows simple differences in temperature. But the idea is still contested. “There is no one photoprotection study that shows the answer unambiguously,” says Wilkinson. “Our understanding is instead based on multiple studies tending to suggest the same thing.”

The insect co-evolution theory, by comparison, suggests that trees have evolved to change their leaf colours as a warning to deciduous leaf-eating insects, such as aphids.

Aphids are destructive creatures, and an infestation could do significant harm to a tree, so the idea of it using colour to ward off these insects seems (41) ________. But several academic papers over the years have contested this theory.

A major crack in the argument is how aphids see and respond to colour. Aphids, along with other leaf-eating insects such as locusts and caterpillars, do not possess receptors in their eyes that enable them to perceive the red colour the way humans do. To them, it looks dull, grey, or even black.

Considering all this, Renner does not believe the co-evolution theory (42) ________. Gallinat, however, isn't so sure. “Some of those findings that support that hypothesis, I think, are still pretty reasonable.”

You are sitting in a comfortable chair by the fire, on a cold winter’s night. You open a magazine to an article you've been meaning to read. The title suggested a story about a promising – but also potentially dangerous – new technology on the cusp of becoming mainstream, and after reading only a few sentences, you find yourself pulled into the story. A revolution is coming in machine intelligence, the author argues. (29) ________. But then the strangest thing happens: You notice that the writer has, seemingly deliberately, omitted the very last word of the first.

The missing word jumps into your consciousness almost unbidden: “the very last word of the first paragraph.” (30) ________.

You're back into the article, where you find the author has taken you to a building complex in suburban Iowa. Inside one of the buildings lies a wonder of modern technology. 285,000 CPU cores yoked together into one giant supercomputer, powered by solar arrays and cooled by industrial fans. The machines never sleep. Every second of every day, they churn through innumerable calculations, using state-of-the-art techniques in machine intelligence that go by names like “stochastic gradient descent” and “convolutional neural networks.” The whole system is believed to be one of the most powerful supercomputers on the planet. (31) ________. Mostly, it is playing a kind of game, over and over again, billions of times a second. And the game is called: Guess what the missing word is.

The supercomputer complex in Iowa is running a program created by OpenAI, an organisation established in late 2015 by a handful of Silicon Valley luminaries, including Elon Musk, Greg Brockman and Sam Altman. (32) ________. However, that changed in summer 2020, when OpenAI began offering limited access to a new program called the Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 3, colloquially referred to as GPT-3. Though the platform was initially available to only a small handful of developers, examples of GPT-3’s uncanny prowess with language – and at least the illusion of cognition – began to circulate across the web and through social media. (33) ________. This is like HAL 9000 from “2001”: a computer program that can answer open-ended, complex questions in perfectly composed sentences.

As a field, AI is currently fragmented among a number of different approaches, targeting different kinds of problems. Some systems are optimised for problems that involve moving through physical space, as in self-driving cars or robotics; others categorise photos for you, identifying familiar faces or pets or vacation activities Some forms of AI – like AlphaFold, a project of the Alphabet (formerly Google) subsidiary DeepMind – are starting to tackle complex scientific problems, like predicting the structure of proteins, which is central to drug design and discovery. (34) ________. In its process, a neural net vaguely modelled after the structure of the human brain learns to identify patterns or solve problems through endlessly repeated cycles of trial and error, strengthening neural connections and weakening others through a process known as training.

You are sitting in a comfortable chair by the fire, on a cold winter’s night. You open a magazine to an article you've been meaning to read. The title suggested a story about a promising – but also potentially dangerous – new technology on the cusp of becoming mainstream, and after reading only a few sentences, you find yourself pulled into the story. A revolution is coming in machine intelligence, the author argues. (29) ________. But then the strangest thing happens: You notice that the writer has, seemingly deliberately, omitted the very last word of the first.

The missing word jumps into your consciousness almost unbidden: “the very last word of the first paragraph.” (30) ________.

You're back into the article, where you find the author has taken you to a building complex in suburban Iowa. Inside one of the buildings lies a wonder of modern technology. 285,000 CPU cores yoked together into one giant supercomputer, powered by solar arrays and cooled by industrial fans. The machines never sleep. Every second of every day, they churn through innumerable calculations, using state-of-the-art techniques in machine intelligence that go by names like “stochastic gradient descent” and “convolutional neural networks.” The whole system is believed to be one of the most powerful supercomputers on the planet. (31) ________. Mostly, it is playing a kind of game, over and over again, billions of times a second. And the game is called: Guess what the missing word is.

The supercomputer complex in Iowa is running a program created by OpenAI, an organisation established in late 2015 by a handful of Silicon Valley luminaries, including Elon Musk, Greg Brockman and Sam Altman. (32) ________. However, that changed in summer 2020, when OpenAI began offering limited access to a new program called the Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 3, colloquially referred to as GPT-3. Though the platform was initially available to only a small handful of developers, examples of GPT-3’s uncanny prowess with language – and at least the illusion of cognition – began to circulate across the web and through social media. (33) ________. This is like HAL 9000 from “2001”: a computer program that can answer open-ended, complex questions in perfectly composed sentences.

As a field, AI is currently fragmented among a number of different approaches, targeting different kinds of problems. Some systems are optimised for problems that involve moving through physical space, as in self-driving cars or robotics; others categorise photos for you, identifying familiar faces or pets or vacation activities Some forms of AI – like AlphaFold, a project of the Alphabet (formerly Google) subsidiary DeepMind – are starting to tackle complex scientific problems, like predicting the structure of proteins, which is central to drug design and discovery. (34) ________. In its process, a neural net vaguely modelled after the structure of the human brain learns to identify patterns or solve problems through endlessly repeated cycles of trial and error, strengthening neural connections and weakening others through a process known as training.

You are sitting in a comfortable chair by the fire, on a cold winter’s night. You open a magazine to an article you've been meaning to read. The title suggested a story about a promising – but also potentially dangerous – new technology on the cusp of becoming mainstream, and after reading only a few sentences, you find yourself pulled into the story. A revolution is coming in machine intelligence, the author argues. (29) ________. But then the strangest thing happens: You notice that the writer has, seemingly deliberately, omitted the very last word of the first.

The missing word jumps into your consciousness almost unbidden: “the very last word of the first paragraph.” (30) ________.

You're back into the article, where you find the author has taken you to a building complex in suburban Iowa. Inside one of the buildings lies a wonder of modern technology. 285,000 CPU cores yoked together into one giant supercomputer, powered by solar arrays and cooled by industrial fans. The machines never sleep. Every second of every day, they churn through innumerable calculations, using state-of-the-art techniques in machine intelligence that go by names like “stochastic gradient descent” and “convolutional neural networks.” The whole system is believed to be one of the most powerful supercomputers on the planet. (31) ________. Mostly, it is playing a kind of game, over and over again, billions of times a second. And the game is called: Guess what the missing word is.

The supercomputer complex in Iowa is running a program created by OpenAI, an organisation established in late 2015 by a handful of Silicon Valley luminaries, including Elon Musk, Greg Brockman and Sam Altman. (32) ________. However, that changed in summer 2020, when OpenAI began offering limited access to a new program called the Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 3, colloquially referred to as GPT-3. Though the platform was initially available to only a small handful of developers, examples of GPT-3’s uncanny prowess with language – and at least the illusion of cognition – began to circulate across the web and through social media. (33) ________. This is like HAL 9000 from “2001”: a computer program that can answer open-ended, complex questions in perfectly composed sentences.

As a field, AI is currently fragmented among a number of different approaches, targeting different kinds of problems. Some systems are optimised for problems that involve moving through physical space, as in self-driving cars or robotics; others categorise photos for you, identifying familiar faces or pets or vacation activities Some forms of AI – like AlphaFold, a project of the Alphabet (formerly Google) subsidiary DeepMind – are starting to tackle complex scientific problems, like predicting the structure of proteins, which is central to drug design and discovery. (34) ________. In its process, a neural net vaguely modelled after the structure of the human brain learns to identify patterns or solve problems through endlessly repeated cycles of trial and error, strengthening neural connections and weakening others through a process known as training.

You are sitting in a comfortable chair by the fire, on a cold winter’s night. You open a magazine to an article you've been meaning to read. The title suggested a story about a promising – but also potentially dangerous – new technology on the cusp of becoming mainstream, and after reading only a few sentences, you find yourself pulled into the story. A revolution is coming in machine intelligence, the author argues. (29) ________. But then the strangest thing happens: You notice that the writer has, seemingly deliberately, omitted the very last word of the first.

The missing word jumps into your consciousness almost unbidden: “the very last word of the first paragraph.” (30) ________.

You're back into the article, where you find the author has taken you to a building complex in suburban Iowa. Inside one of the buildings lies a wonder of modern technology. 285,000 CPU cores yoked together into one giant supercomputer, powered by solar arrays and cooled by industrial fans. The machines never sleep. Every second of every day, they churn through innumerable calculations, using state-of-the-art techniques in machine intelligence that go by names like “stochastic gradient descent” and “convolutional neural networks.” The whole system is believed to be one of the most powerful supercomputers on the planet. (31) ________. Mostly, it is playing a kind of game, over and over again, billions of times a second. And the game is called: Guess what the missing word is.

The supercomputer complex in Iowa is running a program created by OpenAI, an organisation established in late 2015 by a handful of Silicon Valley luminaries, including Elon Musk, Greg Brockman and Sam Altman. (32) ________. However, that changed in summer 2020, when OpenAI began offering limited access to a new program called the Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 3, colloquially referred to as GPT-3. Though the platform was initially available to only a small handful of developers, examples of GPT-3’s uncanny prowess with language – and at least the illusion of cognition – began to circulate across the web and through social media. (33) ________. This is like HAL 9000 from “2001”: a computer program that can answer open-ended, complex questions in perfectly composed sentences.

As a field, AI is currently fragmented among a number of different approaches, targeting different kinds of problems. Some systems are optimised for problems that involve moving through physical space, as in self-driving cars or robotics; others categorise photos for you, identifying familiar faces or pets or vacation activities Some forms of AI – like AlphaFold, a project of the Alphabet (formerly Google) subsidiary DeepMind – are starting to tackle complex scientific problems, like predicting the structure of proteins, which is central to drug design and discovery. (34) ________. In its process, a neural net vaguely modelled after the structure of the human brain learns to identify patterns or solve problems through endlessly repeated cycles of trial and error, strengthening neural connections and weakening others through a process known as training.